Happy Earth Month!
April is a great time to get involved in Earth-Day celebrations, whether that’s planting a tree, cleaning up litter, or reaching out to local leaders and advocating for environmental sustainability. We’ve come a long way in protecting our planet since the first Earth Day in 1970, but it’s good to remember that there’s still more to do, and even one person can make a difference!
For this edition of “What’s Up, Watershed?” I’d like to highlight one Pennsylvanian who helped pave the way for some of the United States’ major environmental victories: Rachel Carson.
Who was Rachel Carson?
Rachel Carson, born May 27, 1907 in Allegheny County, lived through one of the worst periods of environmental irregulation in American history. By then, Pennsylvania’s statewide forest cover had dropped from a pre-colonial 90% to just 32%, largely due to agriculture, mining, and the role of charcoal in iron production. From 1907 to 1970, the United States as a whole saw a major increase in air pollution due to the industrial revolution, urbanization, and the automotive industry boom. Although it was the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland that famously caught on fire due to pollution in 1969, most of Pennsylvania’s rivers during this time had sections impaired enough to register as ecological dead zones.
Despite all the challenges to the environment during this time, Carson grew up surrounded by nature and had a strong interest in literature that explored the natural world. In 1928, she enrolled as a student at the Pennsylvania College for Women (now Chatham University), originally as an English major before switching to Biology.
Between 1928 and 1957, Carson developed a stellar career as a marine biologist and author. She earned her master’s degree in Zoology from John Hopkins University, became the second woman to gain a position with the U.S Bureau of Fisheries, rose to be the Chief Editor of Publications at the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and eventually transitioned to be a full-time award-winning author.
Carson’s time at the USFWS often allowed her to gain early insight into federal proposals for environmental and agricultural advancements, including the testing of DDT—a chemical pesticide that would reshape the environment for decades to come.
What is DDT?
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, otherwise known as DDT, is a chemical compound used as an insecticide. Originally developed in 1875 and popularized as a method to prevent mosquito-borne malaria, DDT became a common agricultural pesticide after WWII. It worked well but had three major flaws. Firstly, some insects were resistant to the chemical and could consume it without dying, producing offspring that were more resistant. Secondly, DDT didn’t dissolve in water, so it spread easily through streams after rain. Lastly, DDT accumulated and remained in body fat after consumption, particularly in birds and mammals. The combination of these flaws had devastating consequences at all levels of the food chain and caused a process known as bioaccumulation.
If one pesticide-resistant insect ate a crop treated with DDT, that insect got one dose of DDT. If a fish ate 10 insects that had been dosed with DDT, or lived in a stream that had been polluted, that fish received 10 doses. If a bird of prey, such as a Bald Eagle, ate 10 fish that had been dosed with DDT, that eagle received 100 doses.
Even though it was toxic at lower levels of the food chain, DDT didn’t outright kill many birds of prey. Instead, the birds dosed with high levels of DDT produced eggs with weak shells, which cracked when incubated. The lack of viable eggs decimated the population of thousands of species, and by 1963, only 417 documented nesting Bald Eagle pairs remained; just three in Pennsylvania.
Silent Spring and the First Earth Day
Carson opposed the use of DDT early into its implementation, but it was out of the realm of her work at USFWS and she was strongly encouraged to focus on other issues. The turning point came in 1957, when the United States Department of Agriculture sought to eliminate invasive insect species through aerial pesticide spray programs. The Audubon Naturalist Society, another strong opponent of these programs, recruited Carson — who at this point had left the USFW — to raise public awareness of the government’s pesticide practices and their environmental impacts.
After years of compiling research, writing, and fighting backlash from the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service, Carson published Silent Spring in 1962. Carson warned that unchecked pesticide use would have far more negative impacts than benefits, especially if overuse led to pesticide resistant insects or created more room for invasive species to thrive. Her research and writing covered the impacts of DDT on insects, fish, and bird species, the rates of human poisoning and cancer attributed to pesticides, and the potential power of biotic pesticide alternatives.
Silent Spring’s popularity sky-rocketed following publicity from The New York Times, Audubon Magazine, and a CBS Reports television special that earned an estimated audience of 10 to 15 million people. In 1963, Carson testified before President John F. Kennedy’s Science Advisory Committee, where her scientific claims were ultimately supported by the government.
Unfortunately, Carson would not live to see the culmination of her efforts. She died in January 1964 after privately battling cancer for four years.
Nevertheless, Carson’s work undoubtedly led not only to the near elimination of DDT and similar pesticides in the United States, but to the rising environmentalist movement of the ’60s and ’70s. After reading her work and reconciling it with their own lived experience, people across the country could no longer stand by and allow companies, governments, or themselves to wreak havoc on the planet.
“Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically.”
– Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes
Things changed rapidly after Silent Spring and for the better. The United States celebrated its first Earth Day on April 22, 1970. The Clean Air Act and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency passed in December that same year, shortly followed by the Clean Water Act and the banning of DDT in 1972, then the adoption of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. Over time, protective environmental regulations grew, our waterways and air cleared, and birds of prey made an incredible recovery — with more than 70,000 nesting pairs of Bald Eagles across the country today.
Our system for protecting the environment isn’t perfect. The Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts are under threat from those who would rather put profit over our planet. But sometimes, one person is all it takes to make a difference.
Thanks for tuning into this edition of “What’s Up, Watershed?” Whether it’s big or small, I hope you all take inspiration from Pennsylvania’s Earth Day hometown hero and try to make a difference in your community this April.
Photos shown (top to bottom) Rachel Carson and Bob Hines conducting marine biology for the USFWS in the Atlantic Ocean,1952; Rachel Carson circa 1940-1950; conducting marine biology; Bald Eagle with chick; first edition book cover; protestors in Washington, DC April 22 1970
.jpeg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
“WHAT’S UP, WATERSHED” BLOG SERIES
CLICK HERE to read Three Ways to Reduce Kitchen Waste
CLICK HERE to read Winter Wildlife: Secrets to Skipping the Winter Season
Meet PRC Environmental Program Coordinator Ryan Rabenold
Ryan’s work is centered around environmental education and creating equitable access to green stormwater infrastructure resources. They have a background in watershed conservation, as well as community engagement and grassroot activism. In their free time, Ryan enjoys kayaking and hiking, writing short fiction, and exploring international cuisine.
